Skip to content

Our approach & sources

An idea you can
put to the test.

A setting gives children a reason to act. Inspectable rules connect those actions to an idea. Here is how we bring the two together.

Three questions guide the design

Is the idea accurate?

Check the central claim against textbooks, research, or authoritative technical materials. Record what a source supports and what it does not.

Can the relationship be observed?

Give children opportunities to decide, observe, compare, and test again. The sequence fits the task; missions do not have to follow one fixed recipe.

Has understanding actually happened?

Code tests check that models and interactions behave as designed. Independent explanation and transfer require separate observation. Completion rates are not proof of learning.

01 / Clustering · Unsupervised learning

Starlight Mixer

Data can reveal structure even without answer labels.

The action in the game
Tune the resonance, compare six signals, and see similar signals form clusters.
Limits of the teaching model
Clustering is one method of unsupervised learning. Starlight and resonance are teaching devices, not an astronomy model.
A learning behavior to look for
Explain why signals group together when the way of comparing them changes.
Play this mission
02 / Examples & labels · Supervised learning

Label Rally

Training examples and their labels influence predictions for new cases.

The action in the game
A flight reaches the wrong home. Inspect Dogo’s examples, correct a label, then test with a new traveler.
Limits of the teaching model
The game uses an inspectable nearest-neighbor classifier. Weighted distances and asking for help on a tie are teaching choices.
A learning behavior to look for
Identify the example behind a prediction and test the correction with a new traveler.
Play this mission
03 / Reward feedback · Reinforcement learning

Gadget Training Camp

Rewards after an action can influence future strategies.

The action in the game
Watch Dogo use a gadget, decide whether to reward the result, and observe the next choice.
Limits of the teaching model
A small set of gadgets and simplified updates expose the relationship between feedback and choice, not every reinforcement learning algorithm.
A learning behavior to look for
Predict and explain how a change in feedback affects later choices.
Play this mission
04 / Outcomes & strategies · Reinforcement learning

The Last 20%

Past outcomes can influence later choices in similar situations.

The action in the game
Load a route chip, predict and observe Dogo’s action, compare choices before and after a failure, then test similar new conditions.
Limits of the teaching model
Weather and actions form a limited teaching environment. Game scores do not measure a real AI system’s capabilities.
A learning behavior to look for
Explain a changed choice under the same conditions and recognize the limits of that experience.
Play this mission
05 / Combining three ways of learning

Homebound Rescue

Different learning methods address different problems within one task.

The action in the game
Help a traveler get home by comparing signals, using examples, and adjusting actions after feedback.
Limits of the teaching model
This mission combines previously explored ideas. It is not a general autonomous navigation system.
A learning behavior to look for
Explain which information a step needs and why a particular method fits.
Play this mission
06 / Data coverage · Generalization

Night Boarding Mix-up

Success in familiar conditions does not guarantee reliability in a new setting.

The action in the game
When night falls at the harbor, inspect boarding decisions, add useful examples, and test with new travelers.
Limits of the teaching model
Limited features and a nearest-neighbor model illustrate a change of setting. The game does not reproduce the paper’s deep neural network experiments.
A learning behavior to look for
Identify missing examples and test changes with cases not used to make the correction.
Play this mission
07 / Context · Step-by-step generation

Story Projector

What is already in the context influences what comes next.

The action in the game
Change a clue already written in the theater, compare the next candidates, and watch a story continue.
Limits of the teaching model
Visible candidates and probabilities belong to this teaching model. Modern language models typically generate tokens, which need not be whole words.
A learning behavior to look for
Use a comparison to explain which part of the context changed and how the continuation responded.
Play this mission
08 / Generated errors · Fact-checking

The Route That Wasn’t There

A fluent, confident suggestion is not necessarily supported by facts.

The action in the game
Check each suggested route segment against records and field evidence, then build a supported rescue route.
Limits of the teaching model
The route and three evidence judgments are teaching choices. NIST describes the risk of generated errors; it does not certify this course.
A learning behavior to look for
Keep supported parts, correct contradicted parts, and withhold judgment when evidence is insufficient.
Play this mission
09 / Reward design · Specification gaming

The Score-Chasing Cleanup Crew

A high score does not necessarily achieve the outcome people intended.

The action in the game
Try cleanup rules yourself, compare points with correctly placed objects, then revise the reward and test a new room setup.
Limits of the teaching model
Finite-step search illustrates how rewards affect behavior without training a neural network. One test cannot prove a rule reliable in every situation.
A learning behavior to look for
Explain what the rule rewards, what the outcome misses, and how a new setup tests the revision.
Play this mission

About these sources and this product

References help check the knowledge; they do not imply participation, certification, or endorsement by their authors or institutions. The behaviors described here are design goals, not outcomes established by independent research on Mindogo.

Found an issue with an explanation or a mission? Send us the mission name and the specific problem.

[email protected] Knowledge notes reviewed on September 6, 2026.
Reference / Stanford CS229
CS229 Lecture Notes

Stanford University · Course notes

CS229 Machine Learning

CS229 Lecture Notes
Tengyu Ma · Andrew Ng

Stanford University · CS229
Version cited: August 23, 2026

Visit the Stanford course website

What the source supports

The notes describe clustering as grouping similar examples using features of the data, without answer labels. Chapter 10 introduces k-means as one way to do this.

How it informs the missions

In Starlight Mixer, children tune the resonance and observe similar signals forming clusters. In the first act of Homebound Rescue, they compare rhythms, paths, and waveforms to group unlabeled signals into channels. Both make grouping by similarity something children can observe and explain.

Limits of the reference

Starlight, resonance, and the grouping rules are teaching choices, not a complete implementation of the chapter’s algorithm. The notes support the underlying idea, not measured learning outcomes in children or endorsement by Stanford University or the authors.

Reference / NIST AI 600-1
Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile

Technical report · 2024

Generative AI Risk Management

Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile

National Institute of Standards and Technology
July 2024

DOI: 10.6028/NIST.AI.600-1

What the source supports

The report describes the risk of generative AI presenting incorrect content with confidence. Explanations and citations can also be fabricated. Fluency and reliability therefore need to be assessed separately.

How it informs the mission

In The Route That Wasn’t There, children check a suggestion against records. They can leave a claim uncertain when evidence is missing and revise the route when evidence contradicts it.

Limits of the reference

This report supports the underlying AI idea. It is not a study of learning outcomes in children, and it does not certify or endorse Mindogo.